EVIDENCE OF ELEVATED GM-CSF IN COVID-19 PATIENTS
Hospitalized Patients
1
GM-CSF is elevated early and scales with disease severity in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. A recent study examined the levels of GM-CSF in the plasma of hospitalized COVID-19 patients stratified by their peak illness. Baseline CRP levels at hospital admission were also examined in these patients, which also scaled with disease severity.
Plasma GM-CSF and CRP levels correlate with disease severity
Serum GM-CSF Levels
Serum GM-CSF Levels
Serum CRP Levels
Serum CRP Levels
Hospitalized COVID-19 patients had elevated levels of GM-CSF compared to healthy controls and non-hospitalized patients with COVID-19
Plasma GM-CSF levels trended higher as patients required increasing levels of oxygen support
Plasma GM-CSF levels were most pronounced in patients who required invasive mechanical ventilation or died of COVID-19
1
1
1
Correlation With Mechanical Ventilation and Death
Elevated levels of GM-CSF were associated with a longer duration of mechanical ventilation.
3
In patients who ultimately required mechanical ventilation, GM-CSF was detected within the first 4 days of symptoms
1
In COVID-19 patients suffering from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), GM-CSF was identified as part of a plasma chemokine signature in cytokine storm
4
GM-CSF levels were almost 10-fold higher in patients who died of COVID-19 compared to those who did not
1
For US Healthcare Professionals Only
References:
1.
Thwaites RS, Sanchez Sevilla Uruchurtu A, Siggins MK, et al. Inflammatory profiles across the spectrum of disease reveal a distinct role for GM-CSF in severe COVID-19. Sci Immunol. 2021;6(57):eabg9873.
2.
Wang G, Wu C, Zhang Q, et al. C-reactive protein level may predict the risk of COVID-19 aggravation. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020;7(5):ofaa153.
3.
Blot M, Bour JB, Quenot JP, et al. The dysregulated innate immune response in severe COVID-19 pneumonia that could drive poorer outcome. J Transl Med. 2020;18(1):457.
4.
Hue S, Beldi-Ferchiou A, Bendib I, et al. Uncontrolled innate and impaired adaptive immune responses in patients with COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;202(11):1509-1519.